This EcoMatcher article by Bas Fransen (posted 11‑11‑2021) provides a clear, accessible summary of the planetary‑boundaries framework—nine interdependent Earth‑system thresholds (climate change, biodiversity loss, land‑use change, freshwater use, altered biogeochemical cycles, ocean acidification, atmospheric aerosols, ozone depletion and novel chemical entities)—and discusses their significance and criticisms; it is included to ground the book’s Call to Action: Our World & Our Future (page 19) in the scientific case that systemic environmental risks can exceed planetary limits, undermining long‑term asset value and therefore informing the sustainable investment and reforestation policy recommendations presented in the chapter.